Blood pressure medication: what to know and how to use it safely

High blood pressure is common, but the medicines that treat it are straightforward once you know the basics. This page breaks down the main drug classes, what each does, common side effects, and simple tips to get the most benefit while reducing risks.

Main drug types and how they work

Diuretics (water pills) help your kidneys remove salt and water so your blood volume falls. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is the classic example. ACE inhibitors (like lisinopril) relax blood vessels by blocking a hormone that tightens them. ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) work similarly but through a different step, often used if ACE inhibitors cause a cough. Calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, diltiazem) relax vessel muscles and slow heart contractions. Beta blockers slow your heart rate and lower the force of each beat, useful when heart rate control is needed.

Most people need one or two medicines. Doctors pick drugs based on other health problems — diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease — and on side effects or interactions with your other meds.

What to watch for and practical tips

Side effects differ by class. Diuretics can cause low potassium or frequent urination. ACE inhibitors may cause a dry cough or, rarely, swelling of the face. Calcium channel blockers can cause swelling in your ankles or constipation. Beta blockers can make some people feel tired or cold in their hands. If you notice sudden dizziness, fainting, severe swelling, or trouble breathing, get medical help right away.

Take meds at the same time every day. If a drug makes you dizzy, try taking it at night. Keep a blood pressure log for a week or two after starting or changing a dose — home readings give your doctor real data. Bring your medication list to every appointment so interactions can be checked.

Diet and lifestyle still matter. Lowering salt, losing a little weight, cutting back on alcohol, and staying active can boost medication effect and sometimes let you use lower doses. Don’t stop medications suddenly — some need to be tapered under medical supervision.

Ask your doctor about cheaper alternatives or generics if cost is a concern. If HCTZ causes problems, there are seven common alternatives (loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, ARBs with diuretic combinations) — your prescriber can explain which fits your situation.

Finally, if you’re getting medications online, use a licensed pharmacy and keep copies of prescriptions. Fake or unlabeled pills can be dangerous. If you have questions about how a drug works, side effects, or how to combine meds safely, talk with your pharmacist or doctor — they can give practical, personalized advice.